Eintrag weiter verarbeiten
Long‐term survival and non‐vector spread of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, via wood chips
Gespeichert in:
Personen und Körperschaften: | , , |
---|---|
Titel: |
Long‐term survival and non‐vector spread of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, via wood chips |
In: | Forest Pathology, 47, 2017, 4 |
veröffentlicht: |
Wiley
|
ISSN: |
1437-4781 1439-0329 |
DOI: | 10.1111/efp.12340 |
Zusammenfassung: | <jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>The pinewood nematode, <jats:italic>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</jats:italic>, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease and is transmitted to new host trees by beetles of the genus <jats:italic>Monochamus</jats:italic>. The increasing interest in imported wood chips from North America for paper production and energy purposes and the corresponding phytosanitary risk of non‐vector transmission of <jats:italic>B. xylophilus</jats:italic> has been discussed since 1984, the year of the first interception of <jats:italic>B. xylophilus</jats:italic> in wood chips in the European Union. The long‐term survival of <jats:italic>B. xylophilus</jats:italic> in wood chips and its non‐vector spread from infested wood chips to non‐infested trees were studied. <jats:italic>Pinus sylvestris</jats:italic> logs were inoculated with a suspension of <jats:italic>B. xylophilus</jats:italic> to produce infested wood chips. During the long‐term storage test, <jats:italic>B. xylophilus</jats:italic> in <jats:italic>P. sylvestris</jats:italic> wood chips were examined. Four variants, including sealed and openly stored wood chips at both 15°C and 25°C, were studied. For the test of non‐vector spread, <jats:italic>B. xylophilus</jats:italic> ‐infested wood chips were placed on three‐ to four‐year‐old <jats:italic>P. sylvestris</jats:italic> saplings under different conditions. <jats:italic>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</jats:italic> survived for more than 1 year at both temperatures in the sealed wood chips, which was significantly longer than for the openly stored variant at 25°C. Temperature, tree condition and wood chip location all influenced non‐vector spread through wood chips. Of the 480 trees that were in contact with infested wood chips and showed clear symptoms of pine wilt disease, <jats:italic>B. xylophilus</jats:italic> were extracted from 42 pines at 25°C and one pine at 15°C. The highest <jats:italic>B. xylophilus</jats:italic> infestation rates resulting in clear pine wilt disease symptoms (75%) were found in infested wood chips directly attached to stem‐wounded trees at 25°C. However, more variants exhibited <jats:italic>B. xylophilus</jats:italic> infestation at this temperature; trees with stem or root injuries plus direct contact with infested wood chips to the wounded part were primarily affected. Moreover, non‐vector spread was also detected in stem‐ and root‐injured pines without any direct contact with infested wood chips. Our results confirmed that <jats:italic>B. xylophilus</jats:italic> can survive for long periods in wood chips and can be transmitted from infested wood chips to damaged trees, but the likelihood of such <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">PWN</jats:styled-content> establishment should be low compared to spread through vectors. These findings must be considered in the pest risk analysis of <jats:italic>B. xylophilus,</jats:italic> and studies using outdoor trials should be carried out to complete this pest risk analysis.</jats:p> |
Format: | E-Article |
Quelle: | Wiley (CrossRef) |
Sprache: | Englisch |